作者:王晓辉
曹雪芹不仅是一位伟大的文学家,还深通医道。有研究者做过粗略统计,《红楼梦》中涉及疾病与医药的有六十六回,出现中医药和养生描写的有二百九十多处,中医术语一百六十多条,中药一百二十几种以及一百多种各科疾病。
说到《红楼梦》里的药和病,就不能不提到林黛玉。“心比比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分”,这位大小姐仿佛是带着药罐子来到这个世界的。
《红楼梦》第三回,林黛玉初进贾府。众人见黛玉年貌虽小,其举止言谈不俗,身体面庞虽怯弱不胜,却有一段自然的风流态度,便知她有不足之症。因问:“常服何药,如何不急为疗治?” 黛玉道:“我自来是如此,从会吃饮食时便吃药,到今日未断,请了多少名医修方配药,皆不见效。……如今还是吃人参养荣丸。”
这一段对话交代了林黛玉自幼体弱多病,也为后来故事情节的发展做了铺垫,其中提到了一种病症和一味中药,“不足之症”和“人参养荣丸”。
霍克斯教授是这样翻译的:
Everybody's attention now centered on Dai-yu. They observed that although she was still young, her speech and manner already showed unusual refinement. They also noticed the frail body which seemed scarcely strong enough to bear the weight of its clothes, but which yet had an inexpressible grace about it, and realizing that she must be suffering from some deficiency, asked her what medicine she took for it and why it was still not better.
"I have always been like this," said Dai-yu. "I have been taking medicine ever since I could eat and been looked at by ever so many well-known doctors, but it has never done me any good. ... I'm still taking Ginseng Tonic Pills."
查了一下“不足之症”的翻译,如果是先天不足,大都译为be congenitally deficient,或者suffer from an inherent shortage,也可以简单的表述为be born weak。如果笼统地说有不足之症,则可以译为have a poor constitution, 或如霍克斯那样,译成be suffering from some deficiency,更为准确。
这一段文字属于聊家常,还是比较容易处理的,到了第八十三回,黛玉病重,请来王太医诊治,诊断结论和所开处方就太专业了:
六脉弦迟,素由积郁。左寸无力,心气已衰。关脉独洪,肝邪偏旺。木气不能疏达,势必上侵脾土,饮食无味;甚至胜所不胜,肺金定受其殃。气不流精,凝而为痰;血随气涌,自然咳吐。理宜疏肝保肺,涵养心脾。虽有补剂,未可骤施。姑拟“黑逍遥”以开其先,后用“归肺固金”以继其后。不揣固陋,俟高明裁服。
我看了一遍,脑子一片混沌,别说英文了,就连中文也理解得云里雾里。好在我们有大师级的翻译家,为我们提供了学习的范本。
杨宪益先生英译:
The six pulses are tense and slow owning to pent-up grief. The feebleness of the left Tsun pulse shows debility of the heart. The strength of the Kuan pulse shows an over-heated liver. When the liver humour cannot disperse, it is bound to invade the spleen; causing loss of appetite and inevitably affecting the lungs too. The humours, failing to turn into vital force, will congeal as phlegm and agitate the blood, so that naturally there will be coughing.
The treatment should calm the liver, protect the lungs and strengthen the heart and spleen. But invigorants must not be rashly administered. I suggest starting off with thorowax boiled with turtle-blood, followed with medicine to soothe and strengthen the lungs. This is my humble proposal for your wise consideration.
杨先生不愧是大翻译家,如此复杂且专业的文字都能如行云流水般的译出。中医将左右手的脉各分为寸脉、关脉和尺脉,合称六脉,各自对应心、肝、肾、肺、胃等器官。外国读者只要大致明白中医把脉分为六个部位,不同部位反映不同的身体状况就行了。所以,杨先生采取了简单的音译方式,将左寸脉译为left Tsun pulse,将关脉译为Kuan pulse,这也是他一贯的风格。至于“归肺固金”,杨先生根据意思做了解释性的翻译:followed with medicine to soothe and strengthen the lungs(辅之以舒肺和补肺的药物)。这种译法,可能更便于外国读者理解。
我猜想霍克斯一定会打破砂锅问到底,找出书来一核对,果不其然,老先生将“左寸”和“关脉”分别译为Left distal pulse和Left median pulse。用distal(末梢的)和median(中间的)来翻译寸脉和关脉,如果没有个经络图作为参照,外国读者还是会懵圈。以霍克斯教授的认真态度,他必定会查阅资料甚至找专家请教,知道左关脉是管肝脏的,所以,特意把“关脉独洪”中的“关脉”加上了一个“左”字,译为Left median pulse。不论外国读者懂不懂,能不能领会霍克斯的良苦用心,我们都要对他这种一丝不苟的态度表示敬意。
Pent-up emotion 是英文中常见的一个词组,意思是“压抑的情感”,稍作变化,用pent-up grief来翻译“积郁”十分恰当。“肝邪偏旺”就是肝火过旺,“木气”就是肝气,杨先生译为over-heated liver 和 liver humour(humour在这里是脾气、精神状态的意思)。肝属木,霍克斯担心外国读者不懂,在liver后面用括号标注上wood, 估计读者会更加糊涂,可别误以为中国人的肝都是木头做的。
王太医开了两味药,但似乎没有写全,估计是什么黑逍遥散和归肺固金汤之类,所以没办法准确翻译成药名。杨先生根据意思和后面王太医对贾琏的解释,将“黑逍遥”翻译成thorowax boiled with turtle-blood(鳖血煮柴胡)有点儿令人费解。黑逍遥散(丸)中的确有柴胡,但也有白芍、白术、茯苓和熟地等其它药材。不过,读者尤其是外国读者不会在乎黑逍遥究竟是什么,即便是完整译出药方他们也不会照方抓药。话又说回来,“鳖血煮柴胡”还是蛮有神秘感的。
霍克斯教授翻译“黑逍遥”和“归肺固金”时采用了意译的方法,将“黑逍遥”译成Black Ethereal Essence(黑色轻灵的精华),用拉丁文将“归肺固金”译为Elixir Pneumoferriferum,elixir是灵丹妙药,pneumo是肺的意思,ferriferum是铁或金属,意思是“治疗肺金的灵丹妙药”(中医认为肺属金)。学问太大,只能仰视了。
曹雪芹不仅自己深谙医理,为了让情节更加丰富生动,他还让小说中的人物也略通针砭之道,薛宝钗就是典型的例子。在第四十五回中,宝钗知道黛玉日常服用人参养荣丸,遂劝道:“昨儿我看你那药方上,人参、肉桂觉得太多了。虽说益气补神,也不宜太热,依我说,先以平肝养胃为要。” 这一番话,哪里像一个十七八岁的女孩儿说的,倒像是出自一位老中医之口。还有一回,薛蟠的妻子夏金桂耍酒疯,大吵大闹,把薛姨妈气得左肋疼痛,宝钗知道是肝气上逆,便叫人去买了几钱钩藤来,浓浓的煎了一碗,给母亲吃了。薛姨妈不知不觉地睡了一觉,肝气也渐渐平复了。
更有意思的是,曹雪芹还通过薛宝钗之口,说出来当时药材造假之风盛行的情况。
《红楼梦》第七十七回,王熙凤病重,王夫人命家人去买人参,宝钗道:“如今外头买的人参都没有好的。虽有一枝全的,他们也必截做两三段,镶嵌上芦泡、须枝,掺匀了好卖,看不得粗细。我们铺子里常和参行交易,如今我去和妈说了,叫哥哥托个伙计去和参行商议说明,叫他们把未作的原枝好参兑二两来。”
这一段话既表现了薛宝钗的精明,也揭露了参行的“潜规则”。
杨宪益先生的翻译:
Pao-chai who was present put in, "One moment, aunt. There is no good ginseng to be bought outside. Whenever they get a whole root they cut it into two or three pieces, and graft other rootlets on to these to be sold, with others, as if they are whole roots; so the size is nothing to go by. Our shop often does business with those ginseng dealers. I can easily ask my mother to get my brother to send an assistant to approach one of them and buy two ounces of good whole roots."
Root的原意是“根”和“根茎”,在这里指整根的人参,而rootlets则是指人参的须子。在药材市场上,人参的根须越完整,价格就越高。-let是个后缀,表示“小”,如booklet(小册子),hamlet(小村子),boomlet(小规模或短暂的繁荣)。原文中的芦泡其实就是人参顶部的那个小疙瘩,杨先生省略了这个词的翻译,无伤大雅。霍克斯教授用crown(皇冠)来翻译芦泡,也十分生动形象。
读《红楼梦》,不仅仅可以学习诗词歌赋之类的文学知识,更可以透过这部书,了解中国古代社会生活的方方面面,甚至连医药界的“黑幕”都被曹公通过宝钗之口剧透出来了。《红楼梦》实在是一部精彩纷呈的百科全书。
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